In the usdaaphisppq treatment manual, the fumigation treatments listed for use on. Proteomic analysis of the venom and venom sac of the. Sirex is a genus of wasps in the family siricidae, the horntails or wood wasps. To identify the proteinaceous components in the venom and uncover the interplay between venom proteins and tree proteins. Direct comparisons of suitability for oviposition and larval survival among these pines have not been made.
This woodwasp has a symbiotic relationship with the. Successful tree colonization by this insect is contingent on the decline of host. Performance of sirex noctilios biocontrol agent deladenus. Sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio scion is the leading provider of forestrelated knowledge in new zealand formerly known as the forest research institute, scion has been a leader in research relating to forest health for over 50 years. Pdf chemical ecology of sirex noctilio victor mastro. Sirex noctilio fabricius is a woodwasp endemic to eurasia and northern africa that infests conifers, mainly species of pinus. They inject eggs with fungal endosymbionts into wood. Sirex control biological control of sirex woodwasp in. The pinekilling woodwasp sirex noctilio, a native to eurasiamorocco, was. It was first detected in south africa in the western cape in 1994 on pinus radiata. Despite a century of research and wellestablished management programs, control remains unpredictable and spread continues to new areas. From the eastern cape it moved into kwazulunatal where the population exploded with high tree mortality.
Distinguishing isolates of deladenus siricidicola, a. Fact sheet series introduction in 2005, sirex noctilio hymenoptera. A summary of the sirex life cycle and control options is outlined in the following document, originally produced in 2001. Adult woodwasps have numerous insect competitors for oviposition substrates, and developing larvae must compete for resources with other subcortical invaders. Complex ecological relationships among an assemblage of. Together with its eggs, the female wasp injects toxic mucus and its symbiotic fungus amylostereum areolatum chaillet boiden into trees fig. Noctilio definition of noctilio by the free dictionary.
Wasp larvae depend on fungal growth to feed, while the fungus relies on female wasps to initially condition the pine tree by inoculating a phytotoxic venom and for dispersal. We studied the european woodwasp, sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in north america after its introduction there. Sirex noctilio can attack healthy pines while woodwasps native to the. From the eastern cape it moved into kwazulunatal where. Since its introduction to north america, the distribution of s. Our study quantified expenditure on sirex control between 1952 and 2014 through the national sirex control program, and costed the impact of three major outbreaks where largescale tree mortality occurred. Interestingly, the insect is dependent upon the fungus amylostereum aerolatum to complete its life cycle. Siricidae is an introduced pest of pines pinus spp. A study of the freeliving phase of deladenus, nematodes parasitic in woodwasps. Sirex wood wasp, sirex noctilio, is the most damaging invasive pine plantation pest in the southern hemisphere, killing millions of trees. Siricidae is a major forestry pest in pinus plantations in the southern hemisphere and has been detected in native pine trees in north america hoebecke et al. The impact of sirex noctilio in pinus resinosa and pinus. Usda aphis sirex noctilio program environmental assessments. Biology and silvicultural management of sirex woodwasp 2009 pdf 207 kb cornell university cooperative extension.
The woodwasp, sirex noctilio fabricius, is an exotic pest of pinus l. Zondag forest research institute, new zealand forest service, rotorua received for publication november, 1970 abstract four methods were used in a. Training in the control of sirex noctilio by use of natural enemies. Clark skip to main content we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. This woodwasp is an invasive species in many parts of the world, including australia, new zealand, north america, south america, and south africa, where it has become a significant. Deladenus siricidicola can live for many generations as free living mycophagous forms, feeding on a. Wermelinger b, rigling a, mathis d s, dobbertin m, 2008. Pdf on dec 10, 2016, demian gomez and others published sirex. It was first detected in china in 20, and since then infestations have been found in 18 additional. This class consists of eight orders namely the free.
By 2002, sirex had spread along the southern cape and into the eastern cape moving onto pinus patula. Insects free fulltext comparison of wing, ovipositor. It has arrived recently in queensland but has been present in tasmania since 1952 and mainland australia since 1961. The sirex woodwasp carries the fungus with it to new trees and in return the fungus becomes a meal for the sirex.
In its native homelands, it is a secondary pest, and is easily controlled by natural predators. Sirex noctilio in north america in february, 2005, a single female s. The effects of silvicultural treatment on sirex noctilio. Assessing trap and lure effectiveness for the monitoring of sirex noctilio b. The fungus is contained in a mycangium which nourishes it with secretions, and in turn it digests wood for the wasp larva. Proposed program for management of the woodwasp sirex noctilio fabricus hymenoptera.
Siricidae, an eurasian woodwasp of the horntail family, is a member of the basal suborder symphyta within the hymenoptera. The sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio, is the most important invasive alien insect. Siricinae, a new invasive species in china, is a significant international forestry pest which, transported via logs and related wood packing materials, has led to environmental damage and substantial economic loss in many countries around the world. Sirex noctilio, native to eurasia and africa, was likely introduced to north america through wood packing material. Siricidae, and a native congener volume 148 issue 5 christopher j. Economic appraisal of sirex wood wasp sirex noctilio. A substantial amount of research was undertaken in the 1960s. Can entomophagous nematodes slow the spread of invasive pest.
Sirex woodwasp sirex noctilio fabricius hymenoptera. A model for evolving management paradigms of invasive forest pests the sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio, and its fungal mutualist, amylostereum areolatum, together. Sirex noctilio sirex is an exotic wood wasp and a pest of pinus that has been in australia for 65 years. A species profile for sirex woodwasp from usda, national invasive species information center. Cooperband department of zoology and entomology, forestry and agricultural biotechnology institute fabi, university of pretoria, pretoria, 0002, south africa. Most of the pine stands in galicia are intensively managed. Media in category sirex noctilio the following 31 files are in this category, out of 31 total.
It is an invasive species and has been introduced to many other parts of the world, including georgia, south africa, the canary islands, canada, the united states, russia, brazil, chile, uruguary, tasmania, australia, and new zealand. Sirex noctilio is considered a major pest of pine plantations. Sirex noctilio attacks primarily pines, but on occasion it will infest other conifers such as abies fir and picea spruce. Zondag forest research institute, new zealand forest service, rotorua received for publication november, 1970 abstract four methods were used in a trial to establish deladenus siricidicola bedding. Despite the successful introduction of a parasitoid from europe as a control measure, damage became more prevalent between 1946 and 1951 when extreme drought conditions. The effects of silvicultural treatment on sirex noctilio attacks and tree health in northeastern united states. Pdf sirex woodwasp sirex noctilio fabricius hymenoptera.
Members of this family have a freeliving generation alternating with an insect parasitic. In the usda aphisppq treatment manual, the fumigation treatments listed for use on. Sirex woodwasp national invasive species information. Siricidae was found infesting trees in central new york figure 1. It is capable of inflicting billions of dollars in damages. Mutanga, discriminating the early stages of sirex noctilio infestation using random forest and shortwave infrared swir wavelengths, international journal of remote sensing, vol. Siricidae biological control attempts against the wood wasp, sirex noctilio, represent one of the very few large programs directed against woodboring insects. Insects free fulltext invasion history of sirex noctilio. Recent detections of sirex woodwasp outside of port areas in the united states have. Jul 08, 2015 proposed program for the control of the woodwasp sirex noctilio f. The free living form is thus spread naturally when infected s.
Biology and silvicultural management forest of sirex. Furthermore, volatiles have been collected from trees on. The fungus is contained in a mycangium which nourishes it with secretions, and in turn it digests wood for the wasp larva the genus includes economically important pests. Before sharing sensitive information online, make sure youre on a. Beware of unwanted garden and tree pests during spring cleanup free downloads for tree check month 2019 august 1, 2019. Efficacy of kamona strain deladenus siricidicola nematodes. Behavioural response of the woodwasp sirex noctilio to. The sirex wasp sirex noctilio kills healthy pine trees by introducing a woodrotting fungus and toxic mucous into the tree. Ecology, potential impact, and management in the southeastern u. Variable success in managing this pest has been influenced by complex invasion patterns, the multilayered. Gisd was created and is maintained by iucns invasive species specialist group issg. Siricidae is an invasive woodwasp from europe and north africa. Cellulosedegrading bacteria associated with the invasive. Sirex noctilio is a woodwasp currently threatening commercial pine plantations in south africa.
This book brings together the worldwide knowledge of researchers from universities and government institutions, as well. Sirex noctilio, the sirex woodwasp, is native to the palearctic region, mainly throughout europe, parts of asia, and northern africa. Sirex noctilio, known as the sirex woodwasp or european woodwasp sometimes spelled wood wasp, is an invasive species that attacks most species of pine trees. The sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio, is an invasive parasite from europe, asia, and northern africa. The sirex woodwasp sww is an exotic, invasive pest considered one of the top 10 most serious forest insect pests worldwide. This tylenchid nematode causes sterility in female sirex noctilio f. There has been increasing concern on the impact of insects on forests. Akhurst rj 1975 a study of the freeliving phase of deladenus, nematodes parasitic in woodwasps. Sirex woodwasp sirex noctilio native of europe and asia, the sirex woodwasp was first introduced to new york in 2004.
Siricidae was recently discovered in north america hoebeke et al. These infective females produce young ovoviviparously at the time of host pupation and the juvenile nematodes then invade the sirex reproductive organs. The sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio, is the most important invasive alien insect pest of pinus plantations in the southern hemisphere. While generally considered a secondary species colonizing dying or. Orwig c a usda forest service, northeastern area state and private forestry, 271 mast road, durham, nh 03824, usa b natural resources canada, canadian forest service, great lakes forestry. Survival of the free living mycetophagous form of deladenus siricidicola, the major biological control agent of sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio, was tested in known pinus taeda and predicted novel p. Suitability of eastern pines for oviposition and survival of. A knowledge of the life cycles of free living, mycetophagous nematodes has been utilized in developing methods for the monoxenic mass rearing of hundreds of millions of deladenus siricidicola bedding. Do native insects and associated fungi limit nonnative. Pdf susceptibility and response of pines to sirex noctilio. The wood used in swpm must be free from signs of s.
Globalization has led to an expanding global presence in pine forests. Sirex noctilio uses an unusual, twocomponent approach to kill pine trees and provide a source of nutrition for its developing larvae. The impact of sirex noctilio in pinus resinosa and pinus sylvestris stands in new york and ontario. Sirex noctilio is native to eurasia and north africa where it attacks pines. Variable success in managing this pest has been influenced by complex invasion patterns, the.
Siricidae sirex woodwasp has been the most common species of exotic woodwasp detected at united states portsofentry associated with solid wood packing materials. The european woodwasp, sirex noctilio, was first found in new zealand in 1900, but was not recognized as a pest until the late 1920s after deaths of pines in overcrowded plantations were attributed to it. Key words amylostereum, invasive species, sirex, symbiont the invasive woodwasp sirex noctilio f. Host use patterns by the european woodwasp, sirex noctilio.
A pest of pine trees, it is currently established in new york, pennsylvania and michigan, and is not yet present in rhode island. The pinekilling woodwasp sirex noctilio, a native to eurasiamorocco, was accidentally introduced into various southern hemisphere countries during the last century and has recently 2005 been detected in northeastern north america. Efficacy of kamona strain deladenus siricidicola nematodes for. With deladenus s1ricidic0la bedding part i 1967 field trial r. Proposed program for management of the woodwasp sirex noctilio. Assessing trap and lure effectiveness for the monitoring. Sirex woodwasp resources national invasive species. In its native range europe, asia, and northern africa, it attacks scotch pinus sylvestris, austrian p. Marketing and programs woodwasp sirex noctilio fabricus. Detecting the early stage of phaeosphaeria leaf spot infestations in maize crop using in situ hyperspectral data and guided regularized random forest algorithm.
Sirex noctilio galleries with larvae and ballpoint pen. Complex ecological relationships among an assemblage of indigenous hymenopteran parasitoids, the exotic european woodwasp sirex noctilio. Dick bean, maryland department of agriculture 410 8415920 the european wood wasp, sirex noctilio, is the january 2006 invader of the month annapolis, md january 3, 2005 as if waves of invaders are hitting our shores. It goes by several names such as the sirex woodwasp, european woodwasp and the eurasian woodwasp. Siricidae marketing and regulatory programs animal and plant health inspection service environmental assessment, june 2007. Sirex noctilio description and ecology from gisd issg a species description and information about the ecology of sirex noctilio as an invasive species is provided from the global invasive species database gisd. Effects of endophytic fungi diversity in different coniferous. The sirex woodwasp sirex noctilio is a species of horntail, native to europe, asia, and northern africa. Sirex noctilio or sirex woodwasp is a high risk invasive species native to europe and parts of asia that has proven devastating to many commercial pine plantations, with mortality rates as high as 80%.
Mar 25, 2019 diversity of endophyte communities of the host tree affects the oviposition behavior of sirex noctilio and the growth of its symbiotic fungus amylostereum areolatum. Wood wasps generally are considered secondary pests that attack dead or dying trees. Controlling the pinekilling woodwasp, sirex noctilio, with. Noctilisin, a venom glycopeptide of sirex noctilio. It has been almost 60 years since sirex noctilio sirex was first detected in australia, and it has now spread to all pinegrowing states except western australia. Siricidae, a pest of pinus species, now established in south africa. It has no natural controls outside its native range, and causes extensive losses in areas where it is accidentally introduced. The sirex woodwasp, sirex noctilio, and its fungal mutualist, amylostereum areolatum, together constitute one of the most damaging invasive pests of pine. Over the last 2 years, we have collected vocs from trunks and needles of healthy and stressed scots pine and red pine. Although populations have not reached outbreak levels, it has quickly become the most abundant woodwasp. Sirex woodwasp has been the most common species of exotic woodwasp detected at united. Sirex noctilio is an invasive woodfeeding wasp that threatens the worlds commercial and natural pine forests. A comparison of control results for the alien invasive.